High precision surveys and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) are the basis for 3D design and modeling, an essential part of intelligent construction technologies. The LiDAR technology includes three different forms: airborne, terrestrial mobile, or terrestrial static. Airborne LiDAR makes use of airplanes or drones equipped with laser scanners, GPS devices, and inertial measurement units (IMU) to enable accurately and detailed capturing of the 3D geometry of ground surfaces and objects via aerial surveys. The level of detail can be enhanced using a smaller beam width, multiple pulses in the air, and full-waveform digitization.

Literature

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